LIST 28 - 1828 CENSUS - DEUXIEME DIZAINE - NEW SOUTH WALES

 
 
The first census of New South Wales was the 1828 Census, conducted in 
November of that year. There are 1,441 members of the "Deuxieme Dizaine" 
identified in the census (727 males and 714 females, 1,300 colonial born and 
141 childhood arrivals).
 
By the time of the 1828 Census the eldest of the colonial born would have 
been twenty seven years old and the youngest eighteen. Many had started families 
of their own by this time.
 
As with earlier musters the practice of separating males and females is 
continued, once again to take account of the English custom of women taking 
their husbands surname upon marriage.
 
 
Males
 
The list contains 727 names (662 colonial born and 65 childhood arrivals). 
The information presented for each man includes:
 
 family name
 Christian name
 year of birth 
 parents' names 
 parents' civil status at the time of the child's birth
 parents' marital status at the time of the child's birth 
 colonial born or came free
 age
 religion
 occupation
 place of residence
 number of acres of land owned
 name as it appears in the original census
 reference number linking back to the original source document.
 
The list is ordered alphabetically on the person's name; family name then 
Christian name.
 
Thirty men were entered in the census twice leaving 697individual "Deuxieme 
Dizaine" men in the census.
 
It is strongly suspected that William Alderson [A0188] and William Anderson 
[A0478] who both arrived as young boys onboard the 'Speke' in 1808 are one and 
the same person.
 
Most entries are listed under their father's surname but eight "Deuxieme 
Dizaine" members are listed in the census under their step-fathers' name:
 
 Josiah Allott [M0893] Dougal McKellar
 John Duriault [R0341] Edward Redmond
 George Furber [S1742] John Smith
 Edward Harrigan [B2447] Jonathan Brooker
 John Innis [S0742] John Sherwood
 John Marsh [T0320] Samuel Terry
 Thomas Petrie [W0394] John Ward
  William Duggan [T0056] John Tarlington
 
Actually William Duggan is recorded twice in the census, once under his mothers 
name of Duggan and again under his stepfather's name of Tarlington. 
 
John Hornery is listed under his father's alias of Bradcock.
 
It was a great relief to determine after many years of enquiry that the Owen 
Barton listed with his mother Sarah was in fact Owen Martin and his mother 
was Sarah Walton.
 
Seventy nine  of the male "Deuxieme Dizaine" have unknown parents at 
this time and are documented in "List 13 - Births From Musters & Censae".
 
Two men did not record their "status" but Benjamin Baker is known to have arrived 
on the 'William Pitt' in 1806 and William Dean was colonial born. 
 
Thomas Sparkes is incorrectly recorded as a convict. John Brooker and Edward 
Harrigan have the status of "NS" (native sons?) and Thomas Evans and John Ryan 
have the status of "N" (natives). Four other men; James Davidson, Marcellas Day, 
Charles Kable, William Puckeridge, have the status as "N" but they all 
managed to disgrace themselves by being under colonial sentence at Moreton 
Bay.
 
Several of the childhood arrivals are recorded as colonial born: James Dalton 
when he arrived aged six on the 'Experiment' in 1804, Edmund Elder arrived 
as a one year old on the 'Hibernia' in 1810, Thomas Hancy as a one year old 
on the 'Minorca' 1801, Frederick & Thomas O'Donnell arrived as 2 and 4 year 
olds on the 'Anne' in 1810, Hely Pullen aged 5 on the 'Sydney Cove' of 1807.
 
James Davison is listed as a native when he arrived aged two on the 'Coromandel' 
in 1802 and sadly as noted above had a colonial sentence at Moreton Bay.
 
For some reason Henry Eckford, even though born in the colony, is shown as 
arriving on the 'Hoogly' with a 7 year sentence. James Worthington for some 
reason is recorded as having arrived as a convict on board 'Archduke Charles' 
in 1812 when in fact he was colonial born.
 
William Cornwall, who arrived free on board the 'Pegasus' in 1807, is listed 
twice - [C2490]/[C2491] - once aged 35 and again aged 25. The former age has 
been accepted and he is not listed therefore as being too old on arrival to 
qualify as a "Deuxieme Dizaine" .
 
A John Pencola [P0532] is recorded as arriving onboard the 'Britannia' 
in 1810 but a ship of that name did not visit the colony in 1810. It is uncertain 
just when this man arrived.
 
Richard Wright is probably the first aboriginal to appear in the census, being 
described as a "native black naturalised".
 
Four men did not record their ages; John Connor, Thomas Evans, James Goodsir 
& Edwin Rouse although the date of birth of Edwin Rouse is known from other 
sources.
 
Analysis of the Protestant/Catholic divide amongst the colonial born males 
reveals that the colony always was and always remained overwhelmingly English 
and Protestant. Catholics numbered 115 (15.5%), with Richard Hayes in one of 
his two entries claiming to be protestant and catholic in the other.
 
It must also be noted that 33 men (4.5%) had no entry in the religion column.
 
The census is not particularly helpful when attempting to subdivide the 
various Protestant denominations. Only two men identified themselves as 
Presbyterians 'S' - John Grono and Andrew Melville. As a pointer to the 
fact that many did not bother to further refine the category of Protestant, 
the brothers of both these men are simply recorded as 'P'.
 
One of the principle joys of studying the 1828 census is the way it helps to 
fill in some of the background to the lives of the "Deuxieme Dizaine" . One 
detail of great interest with regard to the males is, of course, their 
occupation. The range of occupations recorded is as follows:
 
 Table 28.1. - Male Occupations
 
 Occupation No. Category No. %
 ------------------------------------------------------
 bullockdriver 1 rural pursuits 145 (20%)
 dairyman 1
 farmer 95
 fencer 3
 gardener 1
 grazier 5
 harnessmaker 1
 herdsman 1
 landholder 22
 settler 21
 shearer 1
 shepherd 6
 stockkeeper 3
 stockman 3
 tennant 1
 
 schoolmaster 2 professions 2 (0.3%)
 
 dealer 2 small business 25 (3%)
 clerk 7
 inkeeper 2
 publican 10
 sherifs officer 1
 superintendent 2
 victualler 1
 
 apprenctice 17 trades 111 (15%)
 baker 2
 blacksmith 6
 brewer 2
 butcher 4
 cabinetmaker 13
 coachmaker 1
 cooper 4
 cordwainer 1
 currier 2
 master builder 1
 miller 6
 printer 2
 ropemaker 1
 saddler 1
 shingler 1
 shipwright 3
 shoemaker 18
 stonemason 5
 tailor 4
 tanner 1
 turner 1
 weaver 1
 wheelwright 14 
 
 carter 2 manual labour 105 (14%)
 constable 9
 fisherman 2
 labourer 53
 mariner 2
 overseer 5
 sawyer 17
 servant 14
 waterman  1
 
 nil 243 not recorded 259 (35%)
 child 2
 householder 2
 lodger 11
 inmate 1
 
Willilam Faithfull was both a landholder and a superintendent, Thomas Meehan 
was both a grazier and a settler, George Yeomans both a publican and a farmer, 
George Howell was a farmer and a podger whatever that may have been.
 
Poor John Higgins was an 'inmate' presumabley of some mental institution.
 
The terms farmer, settler, grazier, landholder described various forms of land 
ownership although landholder would appear to signify ownership of but not 
labour on the land, more in the nature of an English squire whereas the other 
three terms were analogous to the English yeomenry.
 
In such a society as existed at the time, being a landholder was probably the 
pinnacle of social eminence. 
 
Only 14% of males were in the unskilled category of manual labour which is 
surprising given that one might have thought that the education/apprenticeship 
opportunities of the "Deuxieme Dizaine" would have been very limited.
 
There was no occupation recorded in 243 instances and 16 others had entries 
in this column which were unrelated to any occupation, a situation which 
maybe related to the fact that many of the "Deuxieme Dizaine" were still 
relatively young.
 
Analysis of land ownership is another fascinating and informative aspect of the 
data contained within the census.
 
165 (22%) of the males held some land, ranging from George Freeman & William 
Bowman with 5 acres, up to Archibald Bell with 10,000 acres. John Bellamy, 
William Faithfull, Nelson & William Lawson, who all described themselves as 
'landholders' had no acres listed for them in the census. Similarly 15 'farmers' 
and 6 'settlers' had no land listed. On the other hand 8 men who had acres 
associated with them recorded no occupation. 
 
Of course the total number of acres owned does not necessarily give an 
indication of relative wealth. One hundred acres in Windsor or Portland 
Head may well have generated as much income as one thousand acres beyond the 
home counties in Bathurst or Goulburn.
 
The "place of residence" information is also a great interest to the historian. 
Only five men left this column blank, two interestingly quite large land 
holders.
 
In passing, how pleasant it is to see the street names and suburbs and 
districts of Sydney as we know them today, being used nearly two hundred years 
ago. These names provide a touching connection and continuity with our pioneer 
families.
 
On a sadder note several of the "Deuxieme Dizaine" had fallen fowl of the 
law. Marcellas Day, James Davidson, Charles Kable & William Puckeridge have 
already been noted as serving time at Moreton Bay, to which can be added Thomas 
Kelly, Daniel McLucas and Richard Morgan as fellow felons. All with 7 year 
sentences except for James Davison who was serving 14 years.
 
Of the 729 males in the 1822 Muster, 461 are recorded in this Census.
 
 
Females
 
The list contains 714 females (638 colonial born and 76 childhood arrivals). 
Information recorded for each woman is the same as for the males but with the 
additional marital details of; name of spouse and current marital status. This 
once again is recorded to help make sense of the surname under which the woman 
appears in the original document.
 
Fifteen women are recorded twice in the census, thus the list contains 687 
individual women.
 
Most of the women by this time were married, and were recorded under their 
married name in the census, so ascertaining the exact identity of many has 
been quite a challenge. However cross referencing the early church marriage 
registers has yielded the maiden names for most of the women as well as reference 
to that gold mine of genealogical information the 'Pioneer Register' which 
has provided much useful information in relation to the colonial born women.
 
Sixty of the female "Deuxieme Dizaine" have unknown parents at this time and 
are documented in "List 13 - Births From Musters & Censae" 
 
Mary Ann Wills(nee Barry) [W0205] was incorrectly recorded as BC when in fact 
she arrived in 1827 on board the 'Orpheus'. Similarly Ann Blake who arrived 
in 1827 on board the 'Brothers' and Susannah Plunket [P0991] who arrived in 
1823 on board the 'Jupiter'.
 
Mary Ann Cunningham was incorrectly listed as arriving onboard 'Britannia' 
when she was colonial born.
 
Only Mary Elder had a blank for her arrival status but from other records it 
is known she was colonial born.
 
The "Deuxieme Dizaine" females would have ranged in age from 18 years to 27 
years by the time of the 1828 census. The childhood arrivals would be older 
of course, Catherine Williamson(Mason) being the oldest at 41. 
 
Charlotte Lewis(Cornwall) had her age recorded as 29 when it should have 
been 19. Ann Price(Cooper) had her age recorded as 37 when it should have been 
27.
 
As with the males, the Protestant/Catholic divide amongst the women again 
confirms the overwhelming Protestant character of the colony at this time. 
Catholics numbered 123 (17%), three women; Ann Bowman, Ann Gore & Mary Ann Howe, 
were Presbyterians "S" and one, Mary Ann Wilson was Jewish "J".
 
Those women who had no information in the religion column numbered 41 
or 6%.
 
The vast majority of the "Deuxieme Dizaine" females were already married and 
most of the younger single women soon would be. There were 524 (73%) "wives" 
and one, Sarah Clarke, the widow of Edward Halton. 
 
Sarah Hicks, Mary Myers & Margin Robinson had to honesty to record that 
they was "living with" a man. Ann Laws did not but the fact that she was the 
owner of 1250 acres was no doubt the result of her being the mistress of D'Arcy 
Wentworth.
 
The table below lists 28married women whose maiden names are unknown at this 
time. In the case of Mrs John Warn her christian name is unknown as well.
 
 Table 28.2. - Married Women Surname Unknown 
 
 Name Born Spouse Ref. No. 
 -------------------------------------------
  Mary 1801 - Allen A0231 
 Sarah 1807 William Birch B1200 
 Elizabeth 1804 John Boyle B1918 
 Margaret 1804 Wiliam Brown B2560 
 Esther 1804 Edward Burke B3220 
 Elizabeth 1810 William Carr C0445 
 Margaret 1810 Thomas Clarkson C1346 
 Elizabeth 1804 Edward Cox C2680 
 Mary 1810 E Early E0053 
 Mary Ann 1809 Daniel Egan E0245 
 Phoebe 1810 George Grimshaw G1289 
 Elizabeth 1804 William Hughes H2772 
 Elizabeth A'1807 Henry Kettle K0713 
 Elizabeth 1808 James Kingsbury K0901 
 Dorothy 1805 Jerry McCarthy M0204 
 Elizabeth 1810 John Montgomery M2755 
 Sarah 1807 William Moore M2817 
 Hannah 1805 John Morris M3106 
 Sarah 1808 John James Neill N0129 
 Margaret  1808 James O'Burn O0091 
 Elizabeth 1810 James Palmer P0069 
 Margaret 1806 Charles Roberts R0978 
 Mary 1809 Patrick Silk S0897 
 Louisa 1802 Henry Smith S1558 
 Elizabeth 1803 W S Townsend T1057 
 - 1810 John Warn W0501 
 Ellen 1808 Thomas Willson W1992 
 Mary 1808 William Windley W2212 
 
It is interesting to note that 67 (13%) of the married women were listed under 
their maiden surname and not using their husbands. In many cases it is suspected 
that the couple were not legally married as such.
 
Colonial born women of this time had but one choice of occupation - that of 
wife and mother. Of those few who did record an occupation, they were mostly 
of the domestic variety.
 
Only 135 of the female entries had any information in the "occupation" 
column and 16 of these would more correctly be described as a status rather 
than an occupation. Not surprisingly 66 were in a group best described as 
"household duties" and a further 8 in a sewing group, both groups being 
typically female occupations.
 
 Table 28.3. - Female Occupations
 ------------------------------- 
 servant 33 66 
 housekeeper 17
 laundress 8 
 housemaid 5
 houseservant 2  
 chambermaid 1
 
 dressmaker 3 8
 needlewoman 3
 semptress 1
 mantuamaker 1
 
 householder 16
 
 farmer 2
  landholder 2
 dairywoman 2
 
 fisherman 1
 publican 2
 printer 1
 governess 2
 stonemason 1
 superintendent  1
 nurse 1
 
 inmate 2
 daughter 5
 wife 8
 widow 1
 
When a women has recorded her occupation as a housekeeper, presumably 
she does not mean for her husband.
 
Elizabeth Power(Flahaven) and Margaret Mills(Holmes) were the two 'farmers' 
presumably in league with their husbands.
 
Elizabeth Brown was an "inmate" at the Hunter River, as was Eliza Eckford(Duff) 
at Wallis Plains. Presumably this meant some sort of mental institution.
 
Was Catherine Byrne really a stonemason? Was Catherine Clarkson really a 
publican and printer? Was Ann Puckeridge really a fisherman? These are 
probably clerical errors more correctly relating to either their husbands 
or fathers.
 
The five who are listed as "daughters" would all appear to be daughters of 
mothers who have remarried. The eight who describe themselves as "wives" would 
appear to be stating the obvious.
 
Seven of the women are recorded as owning land, ranging from 1580 acres to 6 
acres.
 
 Table 28.4. - Female Landholders
 -------------------------------
 
 Elizabeth Hume (nee Dight) 1580
 Ann Laws 1250
 Jane Cribb (nee Hewitt) 60
 Ann Martin (nee Forrester) 35
 Elizabeth Layton (nee Warby) 30
 Mary Winton (nee Lisson) 20
 Margaret Mills (nee Holmes) 6
 
The "place of residence" information is also a great interest to the historian. 
Only eight women left this column blank.
 
To the great shame of both their sex and their generation Eliza Palmer and 
Mary Ann Smith were both lodged in the Female Factory at Parramatta, the former 
with a 3 year sentence and the latter with a 2 month one.
 
Of the 654 females in the 1822 Muster, 388 are recorded in this Census.

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